Originally posted by Maharlika:
<STRONG>"Template" would be the 'tendency' of the target gender to behave. Such behavior being linked to the physical difference between gender.
</STRONG>
Can you give some examples of such behaviours? I'm not sure what you are referring to. Homo Sapiens behaviour is heavliy dictated by social learning, both model learning and different types of conditional learning. No other species rely as heavily on learning as we do.
<STRONG>I agree that both male and female are meant to be both involved in child rearing, however I think the manner would be different.
</STRONG>
Surely the male cannot breast feed a child since he has no milk producing glands. Are there other manners you think should be different?
<STRONG>Have you ever tried observing the behavior of pre-school kids when they interact together? What do they do? How do they behave? Surely at that particular age, I would like to think that they haven't yet fully grasped that they are a boy/girl. Yet somehow there would be some distinct differences between the boys and the girls. The boys GENERALLY TEND to be aggressive. I don't think that at that age their respective fathers have taught them these so-called "manly behavior." Such a behavior TEND to be exhibited NATURALLY in general.
</STRONG>
That small children don't have a clear gender identity and thus behave according to "natural" ie biologically predisposed behavioural patterns, is totally incorrect. Numerous studies of both children and parents show this, and I'll be happy to give you refernces both to books and research articles about this topic.
Pre school kids actually have a tendency to behave more gender sterotypic than adults, because they haven't yet developed an independant identity and they rely heavily upon model learning and encouragement/punishment from adults. Studies of parental behaviour show clearly that adults start to gender sterotype their kids even before they are born. Parents tend to think things like "I wonder if it's going to be a boy or a girl - it would be interesting to know whether one should prepare for playing hockey or buying little pink dresses". Then, as soon as the baby is born, adults around the kid starts to socialise the child into the respective gender pattern in that society. Little boys in the Western world gets encouraged by parents, relatives and preschool teachers to behave "boyish". A girl who shows physical aggression gets punished by the adults to a much larger extent than a boy. A boy who is a "crybaby" and hides behind his mother, is described as "shy, needs support, is week", whereas a girl who shows the same behaviour is described as "sweet, cute and lovable".
Some very interesting studies have been done of children below age 1. In so small children, it's impossible to see gender differences unless you change diapers on them. In the lab, children were divided into two groups, half boys and half girls in each groups. Adult subjects were instructed by the staff that all of the kids in group A were girls, and all of the children in group B were boys. In reality, half of the babies had another gender from what the adults were told. And look and behold! The adults behaved totally differentely towards the babies depending on what sex the
thought baby had, regardless of the real sex of the baby. When they though a baby was a girl, they spoke with softer voice, they cuddled a lot more with the baby and they called the baby sweet names. When they thought is was a boy, they used words as "tough" and "brave" and were much more rough and physical in the way they played with the baby (ie lifting, throwing).
Interview studies where preschool kids gender role attitudes have been examined, have also been numerous. They consistently show small kids have a great awareness of what boys should do and what girls should do, what "mummies" should do and what "daddies" should do. Not surprisingly, the children's answers correlate highly with the degree of gender sterotypes in their families. For instance, kids who have mothers who are highly educated and work, think both mummies and daddies could work, whereas kids who have housewife mothers, think only daddies can work.
So, when we speak about what is natural for kids, remember that for kids, it's natural to behave and think like the adults around them. That is how human babies learn and develop.
Of course little boys are more aggressive than little girls - in our society, we encourage boys to be aggressive since this is considered "manly" whereas it is considered "unwomanly" to be aggressive, and thus, little girls are not encouraged to behave this way.
<STRONG>
the closest example I can think of is when a man spots a woman sitting with her legs apart enough to be able to get a glimpse of what is under her skirt. There is the tendency (THE INITIAL REACTION) to look what is between her legs BUT HIS CULTURE would probably make him look the other way instead.
</STRONG>
A strange example. Men and women are equally interested in sex, and should be, since it's necessary for the survival of the species and propagation of your own genes. In many cultures, it's however less acceptable for women than for men to have many partners or show explicit interest in sex. Interestingly enough, genetic studies where genetic material is "backtracked" show that it's evolutionary advantageeous for both women and men to have many sexual partners.
Did you know that the studies of sexual behaviour in the Western world show that men and women mastubate equally much? This strongly supports that men and women have equal sexual needs.
[ 11-14-2001: Message edited by: C Elegans ]