Science the end all and be all
- Cuchulain82
- Posts: 1229
- Joined: Thu Feb 24, 2005 3:44 pm
- Location: Law School library, Vermont, USA
- Contact:
[QUOTE=C Elegans]I haven't read the Zen and motorcycle book since I was a teenager, the book was "cult" in my social circles at the time. [/QUOTE]
I knew I couldn't keep posting about the book without someone eventually disagreeing with me- ah well, it was good while it lasted ZMM is kind of a cult book, but I think it has a lot to say about science and philosophy, among many other things. Before the author, Robert Pirsig, was a writer he was a scientist. It was published at a time when science and religion and culture were all in a period of upheval here in the US- a social paradigm shift, if you will. The book is an attempt to reconcile some problems in society, and I think it does a good job of it.
I knew I couldn't keep posting about the book without someone eventually disagreeing with me- ah well, it was good while it lasted ZMM is kind of a cult book, but I think it has a lot to say about science and philosophy, among many other things. Before the author, Robert Pirsig, was a writer he was a scientist. It was published at a time when science and religion and culture were all in a period of upheval here in the US- a social paradigm shift, if you will. The book is an attempt to reconcile some problems in society, and I think it does a good job of it.
Custodia legis
- dragon wench
- Posts: 19609
- Joined: Tue Apr 24, 2001 10:00 pm
- Location: The maelstrom where chaos merges with lucidity
- Contact:
Another really interesting book, written in a similar vein is:
Supernature by Lyall Watson
Here is a link: http://www.lyallwatson.com/Watson%20tex ... PERNA.HTML
I also really enjoyed Diane Ackerman's "A Natural History of the Senses." (http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/de ... 7?v=glance) which seamlessly merges profound, almost spiritual, awe at the natural world with an acute level of observation.
I have a real interest in material that that weaves together spirituality or the more mystical with science
Supernature by Lyall Watson
Here is a link: http://www.lyallwatson.com/Watson%20tex ... PERNA.HTML
I also really enjoyed Diane Ackerman's "A Natural History of the Senses." (http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/de ... 7?v=glance) which seamlessly merges profound, almost spiritual, awe at the natural world with an acute level of observation.
I have a real interest in material that that weaves together spirituality or the more mystical with science
Spoiler
testingtest12
Spoiler
testingtest12
ik911:
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because space is unendingly big
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Don't quote me on this, but I'm fairly sure I recently heard that science had decided the universe was actually finite. Was that true?
Xandax:
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Withouth going to far into it, but you belive that a God exists outside our "time", and find that logical (due to your faith). If that is possible, it is logically just as possible that some singularity/state of matter existed prior to the Big Bang, possible the existance of another ealier collapsed universe.
Also - "something from nothing" applies just as well to (a) God. Where did he come from, who made him? Did he spring from nonthing into something? If not, then something must have been around prior to God.
The usual reply to this is that "God" has *always* been there, which only has one (illogical imo) foundation - and that is your faith.
Besides - nobody has in any recent history said that the Big Bang happened out of "nothing", not that I've read over the years anyway.
If you truely belive an entity of some form/matter can exist in the manner you descripe God (outside out "time" and outside our universe), then you should have no difficulties in beliving that "something" could have existed prior to the Big Bang.... you simply just rely on your religion to give you the answer, and you have faith in it being correct.
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OK, my view would probably be best explained (not necessarily persuading people to it) like this: I think it is totally illogical and, dare I say it, unscientific, to suggest that anything (God included) could either (a) have no beginning, or (b) begin from nothing. I personally think it's crazy, it's not something that humans can ever understand, much less explain. But, I believe that if God exists and created the universe, and He created these laws we call 'logic,' then there's no reason to think they have to apply to Him, and even though I (along with everyone else on Earth) can never understand it, I believe He had no beginning. However, if there is no God then everything in the universe should (I think) be explainable scientifically because it all came about through laws that science deals with, and neither an infinite regress or a spontaneous beginning are things that (in my opinion) can ever be explained by science.
Cuchulain82:
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There is alot of talk about faith here, but people aren't talking about the same "faith". In logic this is an informal fallacy of Equivocation. I don't think that anyone meant to change the meaning, but the faith the CM speaks of when he listens to a professor is different form the faith that Arrylium has as a Christian.
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It may have very different connotations, but personally I'm not so sure that my faith is so different to other people's faith.
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Science answers "how" questions exceptionally well. For example, CE just showed us that science can explain how the first single celled organisms emerged from a primordial soup of proteins, amino acids, etc. However, if you try to hold science to the task of answering "why" this happened, you will be let down, because science can't. Did life form because God put all the pieces in place? Or perhaps was it just random chance? Science can't answer that- if you want answers to those questions, read philosphy books or go to Church (or just post here at GB ). Science is about asking questions and answering them, and testing over and over again.
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I think that is a great observation and quite true, but I would like to say that I don't personally think that science will ever be able to explain the 'how' of everything. I really don't want to give offence to anyone, but just in my own perception it seems sometimes that science feels obliged to answer every question (or every 'how' question at least), even though they may not have such an answer. That's just the way it seems to me sometimes, I may be incredibly wrong.
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because space is unendingly big
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Don't quote me on this, but I'm fairly sure I recently heard that science had decided the universe was actually finite. Was that true?
Xandax:
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Withouth going to far into it, but you belive that a God exists outside our "time", and find that logical (due to your faith). If that is possible, it is logically just as possible that some singularity/state of matter existed prior to the Big Bang, possible the existance of another ealier collapsed universe.
Also - "something from nothing" applies just as well to (a) God. Where did he come from, who made him? Did he spring from nonthing into something? If not, then something must have been around prior to God.
The usual reply to this is that "God" has *always* been there, which only has one (illogical imo) foundation - and that is your faith.
Besides - nobody has in any recent history said that the Big Bang happened out of "nothing", not that I've read over the years anyway.
If you truely belive an entity of some form/matter can exist in the manner you descripe God (outside out "time" and outside our universe), then you should have no difficulties in beliving that "something" could have existed prior to the Big Bang.... you simply just rely on your religion to give you the answer, and you have faith in it being correct.
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OK, my view would probably be best explained (not necessarily persuading people to it) like this: I think it is totally illogical and, dare I say it, unscientific, to suggest that anything (God included) could either (a) have no beginning, or (b) begin from nothing. I personally think it's crazy, it's not something that humans can ever understand, much less explain. But, I believe that if God exists and created the universe, and He created these laws we call 'logic,' then there's no reason to think they have to apply to Him, and even though I (along with everyone else on Earth) can never understand it, I believe He had no beginning. However, if there is no God then everything in the universe should (I think) be explainable scientifically because it all came about through laws that science deals with, and neither an infinite regress or a spontaneous beginning are things that (in my opinion) can ever be explained by science.
Cuchulain82:
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There is alot of talk about faith here, but people aren't talking about the same "faith". In logic this is an informal fallacy of Equivocation. I don't think that anyone meant to change the meaning, but the faith the CM speaks of when he listens to a professor is different form the faith that Arrylium has as a Christian.
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It may have very different connotations, but personally I'm not so sure that my faith is so different to other people's faith.
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Science answers "how" questions exceptionally well. For example, CE just showed us that science can explain how the first single celled organisms emerged from a primordial soup of proteins, amino acids, etc. However, if you try to hold science to the task of answering "why" this happened, you will be let down, because science can't. Did life form because God put all the pieces in place? Or perhaps was it just random chance? Science can't answer that- if you want answers to those questions, read philosphy books or go to Church (or just post here at GB ). Science is about asking questions and answering them, and testing over and over again.
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I think that is a great observation and quite true, but I would like to say that I don't personally think that science will ever be able to explain the 'how' of everything. I really don't want to give offence to anyone, but just in my own perception it seems sometimes that science feels obliged to answer every question (or every 'how' question at least), even though they may not have such an answer. That's just the way it seems to me sometimes, I may be incredibly wrong.
Give us the gate key.
I have no gate key.
Fezzik, tear his arms off.
Oh, you mean this gate key?
I have no gate key.
Fezzik, tear his arms off.
Oh, you mean this gate key?
C Elegans:
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Because of some of your statements and questions are the same as I have previously heard when I have had discussions with christian people from the US. I have understood that often, there are cultural differences betwen christianity in the US and christianity in Europe. Part of this is due to big differences in educational system. So the reason why I asked was that if you had been from the US, I would perhaps have been more familiar with your line of reasoning based on what I know about the US school system etc.
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Well, sorry I'm not from the US and have no idea what their school system is like - I'm probably even further from it because I was homeschooled for 5 years.
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That's it, you do understand the main difference. In my example of my husband in Paris, there are some leaps of faith (ie believing without objective evidence) but in science leaps of faith are not allowed.
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Alright, so in the non-scientific sense would you say faith is not necessarily a bad thing?
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Thus, we have again confirmed that the main difference between scientific evidence and everyday evidence, is that in science have much stricter requirements and demands investigation and discarding of alternative hypothesis as less likely in order to accept something as "correct" or "fact".
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Ok, I think I'm getting it. The example about the ovarian cancer was another example of what I'm talking about - just the idea that although a piece of evidence may be quantifiable, measurable etc., it can be seen by different people to support or falsify different hypotheses. Would that be fair enough as a statement from a scientific viewpoint?
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Science has demonstrated that all steps between non-life and life, can happen. Simplified, the steps can be described as:
primordial soup -> polymers -> replicating polymers (for instance hexanucleotide or RNA-ribozomes) -> protobiont -> hypercycle -> protobacteria -> bacteria
In hundreds of experiments, it has been shown that the proteins necessary for RNA to form, can spring from non life. Read this:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/...2&dopt=Abstract
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/...3&dopt=Abstract
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I read them, I'm not sure exactly how well I understood them.
Could primoridal soup be thought of as life in any sense? I may well sound like an ignoramus here but I'm not sure exactly what the scientific term of primordial soup means, the images it brings to my mind usually involve life in some way.
I don't want to sound picky or something but I want to be clear - is this equivalent to saying that science has proven that life can come from non-life, or is having steps produced seperately in a lab different to having an entire process occur in nature?
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This appears to be a strawman - nobody has been discussion whether "something" came from "nothing", if anyone should ask that question it should be the religious people, since it provokes the question "where did god come from"?
Science has evidence that life can develop from non life, as I described above. From polymers to bacteria is not from nothing to something. Astrophysics has demonstrated the universe could have started with the Big Bang, but before the Big Bang it was not "nothing", it was probably a singularity.
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Sorry, I certainly didn't mean to be putting up strawmen, I was just wondering because I view that as an argument for the existence of God, and against the scientific principle that there is no need for a God.
What exactly is a 'singularity?'
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It's an expression used when religious people use the fact that science cannot explain everything, as evidence for the existence of a god. It's called "god of the gaps" because the idea is that whereever science has a gap, you fill it in with god. The problem then becomes that the evidence for the existence of a god is constantly shrinking, since science expands its knowledge all the time. Therefore the argument that "science cannot explain this so it's evidence of a god" is not a good argument I think.
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Hmmmm.... well I wouldn't exactly say I use that theory a lot, but I have doubts on the ability of science to prove, quantify, and explain absolutely everything about the universe, even given thousands of years, so I don't know if all the 'gaps' will be closed eventually.
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Yes to all.
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Ok, that's quite interesting (no sarcasm intended whatsoever). How does that work (or am I going way off topic here?) - I would have thought of love as something that no-one can explain.
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Sure it is possible, but that 1 has to present evidence that he is right and the others are wrong then.
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Absolutely - I was just checking that 'a great probability' was not equivalent to 'truth.'
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Thanks IK, I also found this:
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio114/spontgen.htm
which explains well that "spontaneous generation" is not the same as abiogenesis and it is not a concept that is valid in current life sciences.
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I had a look at the link and that's what I was thinking of when I mentioned spontaneous generation - I remembered reading in it in a book about Louis Pasteur - I certainly don't think it's possible and I was fairly sure it wasn't accepted as science any more. I was thinking of it, though, because you mentioned the steps between life and non-life being reproducible, and I was wondering whether that meant life could come from non-life, and if so whether that was spontaneous generation all over again.
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This also taps the question of cultural differences which was the reason I asked where Arrylium was from, because it is my experience (plus it has been demonstrated in sociological studies) that American christian people more often see a conflict between religion and science, than European christians.
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I don't see science in conflict with religion myself, but I do occasionally see science trying to step into areas that it just doesn't belong. I don't see any reason why the two should be fundamentally in opposition.
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Because of some of your statements and questions are the same as I have previously heard when I have had discussions with christian people from the US. I have understood that often, there are cultural differences betwen christianity in the US and christianity in Europe. Part of this is due to big differences in educational system. So the reason why I asked was that if you had been from the US, I would perhaps have been more familiar with your line of reasoning based on what I know about the US school system etc.
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Well, sorry I'm not from the US and have no idea what their school system is like - I'm probably even further from it because I was homeschooled for 5 years.
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That's it, you do understand the main difference. In my example of my husband in Paris, there are some leaps of faith (ie believing without objective evidence) but in science leaps of faith are not allowed.
-----
Alright, so in the non-scientific sense would you say faith is not necessarily a bad thing?
-----
Thus, we have again confirmed that the main difference between scientific evidence and everyday evidence, is that in science have much stricter requirements and demands investigation and discarding of alternative hypothesis as less likely in order to accept something as "correct" or "fact".
-----
Ok, I think I'm getting it. The example about the ovarian cancer was another example of what I'm talking about - just the idea that although a piece of evidence may be quantifiable, measurable etc., it can be seen by different people to support or falsify different hypotheses. Would that be fair enough as a statement from a scientific viewpoint?
-----
Science has demonstrated that all steps between non-life and life, can happen. Simplified, the steps can be described as:
primordial soup -> polymers -> replicating polymers (for instance hexanucleotide or RNA-ribozomes) -> protobiont -> hypercycle -> protobacteria -> bacteria
In hundreds of experiments, it has been shown that the proteins necessary for RNA to form, can spring from non life. Read this:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/...2&dopt=Abstract
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/...3&dopt=Abstract
-----
I read them, I'm not sure exactly how well I understood them.
Could primoridal soup be thought of as life in any sense? I may well sound like an ignoramus here but I'm not sure exactly what the scientific term of primordial soup means, the images it brings to my mind usually involve life in some way.
I don't want to sound picky or something but I want to be clear - is this equivalent to saying that science has proven that life can come from non-life, or is having steps produced seperately in a lab different to having an entire process occur in nature?
-----
This appears to be a strawman - nobody has been discussion whether "something" came from "nothing", if anyone should ask that question it should be the religious people, since it provokes the question "where did god come from"?
Science has evidence that life can develop from non life, as I described above. From polymers to bacteria is not from nothing to something. Astrophysics has demonstrated the universe could have started with the Big Bang, but before the Big Bang it was not "nothing", it was probably a singularity.
-----
Sorry, I certainly didn't mean to be putting up strawmen, I was just wondering because I view that as an argument for the existence of God, and against the scientific principle that there is no need for a God.
What exactly is a 'singularity?'
-----
It's an expression used when religious people use the fact that science cannot explain everything, as evidence for the existence of a god. It's called "god of the gaps" because the idea is that whereever science has a gap, you fill it in with god. The problem then becomes that the evidence for the existence of a god is constantly shrinking, since science expands its knowledge all the time. Therefore the argument that "science cannot explain this so it's evidence of a god" is not a good argument I think.
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Hmmmm.... well I wouldn't exactly say I use that theory a lot, but I have doubts on the ability of science to prove, quantify, and explain absolutely everything about the universe, even given thousands of years, so I don't know if all the 'gaps' will be closed eventually.
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Yes to all.
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Ok, that's quite interesting (no sarcasm intended whatsoever). How does that work (or am I going way off topic here?) - I would have thought of love as something that no-one can explain.
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Sure it is possible, but that 1 has to present evidence that he is right and the others are wrong then.
-----
Absolutely - I was just checking that 'a great probability' was not equivalent to 'truth.'
-----
Thanks IK, I also found this:
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio114/spontgen.htm
which explains well that "spontaneous generation" is not the same as abiogenesis and it is not a concept that is valid in current life sciences.
-----
I had a look at the link and that's what I was thinking of when I mentioned spontaneous generation - I remembered reading in it in a book about Louis Pasteur - I certainly don't think it's possible and I was fairly sure it wasn't accepted as science any more. I was thinking of it, though, because you mentioned the steps between life and non-life being reproducible, and I was wondering whether that meant life could come from non-life, and if so whether that was spontaneous generation all over again.
-----
This also taps the question of cultural differences which was the reason I asked where Arrylium was from, because it is my experience (plus it has been demonstrated in sociological studies) that American christian people more often see a conflict between religion and science, than European christians.
-----
I don't see science in conflict with religion myself, but I do occasionally see science trying to step into areas that it just doesn't belong. I don't see any reason why the two should be fundamentally in opposition.
Give us the gate key.
I have no gate key.
Fezzik, tear his arms off.
Oh, you mean this gate key?
I have no gate key.
Fezzik, tear his arms off.
Oh, you mean this gate key?
A part confused me
Does this mean that science has it's own knowledge? I was under the impression that knowledge is the gathering of what's been learned. Science is basically just another word for observing something, how does it have it's own knowledge?Thus there may be things out of the knowledge of science.
Always remember you're unique ... just like everyone else.
[QUOTE=Arrylium]ik911:
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because space is unendingly big
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Don't quote me on this, but I'm fairly sure I recently heard that science had decided the universe was actually finite. Was that true?[/QUOTE]
Our universe is finite. Space (in which our tiny universe 'floats' or whatever it does) is infinitely big, just like history/time is infinitely old (not the written version though). There is no beginning to time, no end to space.
There has only been 'life' ever since someone made it up. Animals don't seem to care they're alive, because they don't think like humans do.
[quote="dictionary.com]The property or quality that distinguishes living organisms from dead organisms and inanimate matter"]In other words: We're as dead as a brick, only we have a property or quality that makes us different. We're a heap of polycarbons held up by calciumsticks, able to react to our environment (along with some other functions). The difference between us and animals is, that we are blessed or cursed with the ability to think about ourselves. Homo Sapiens. We seek answers to questions we shouldn't be asking ourselves* and sometimes the answers are unsatisfying. What are we in this huge space? Less than nothing. Keep smiling.
All we really have are our thoughts and other's thoughts. Memories and experiences.
*Science or Religion can help us, distract us perhaps, or keep us busy. They are the results of our gift. They are not essential to our lives; they are merely products of our way of thinking.
Otherwise animals would/could/might have religion and science too (or something similar), since they are also alive. (Don't quote this last sentence, I don't think I have anything useful to say about it.)
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because space is unendingly big
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Don't quote me on this, but I'm fairly sure I recently heard that science had decided the universe was actually finite. Was that true?[/QUOTE]
Our universe is finite. Space (in which our tiny universe 'floats' or whatever it does) is infinitely big, just like history/time is infinitely old (not the written version though). There is no beginning to time, no end to space.
There has only been 'life' ever since someone made it up. Animals don't seem to care they're alive, because they don't think like humans do.
[quote="dictionary.com]The property or quality that distinguishes living organisms from dead organisms and inanimate matter"]In other words: We're as dead as a brick, only we have a property or quality that makes us different. We're a heap of polycarbons held up by calciumsticks, able to react to our environment (along with some other functions). The difference between us and animals is, that we are blessed or cursed with the ability to think about ourselves. Homo Sapiens. We seek answers to questions we shouldn't be asking ourselves* and sometimes the answers are unsatisfying. What are we in this huge space? Less than nothing. Keep smiling.
All we really have are our thoughts and other's thoughts. Memories and experiences.
*Science or Religion can help us, distract us perhaps, or keep us busy. They are the results of our gift. They are not essential to our lives; they are merely products of our way of thinking.
Otherwise animals would/could/might have religion and science too (or something similar), since they are also alive. (Don't quote this last sentence, I don't think I have anything useful to say about it.)
[size=-1]An optimist is a badly informed pessimist.[/size]
How does that work? The universe is finite yet space is infinite? What's the difference?Our universe is finite. Space (in which our tiny universe 'floats' or whatever it does) is infinitely big, just like history/time is infinitely old (not the written version though). There is no beginning to time, no end to space.
Hmmm.... so why do animals run when attacked, if they don't care about life?There has only been 'life' ever since someone made it up. Animals don't seem to care they're alive, because they don't think like humans do.
Give us the gate key.
I have no gate key.
Fezzik, tear his arms off.
Oh, you mean this gate key?
I have no gate key.
Fezzik, tear his arms off.
Oh, you mean this gate key?
[QUOTE=Arrylium]How does that work? The universe is finite yet space is infinite? What's the difference?[/QUOTE]
Our universe is the area in which our stars and planets etc. etc. are located. This area expands with the speed of light, and has done so since the big bang. Outside it is space... (Maybe 'universe' is the wrong word though. Is it called 'galaxy', perhaps?)
[QUOTE=Arrylium]
Hmmm.... so why do animals run when attacked, if they don't care about life?[/QUOTE]Life preservation (and) instinct. Actually, humans are plain crazy about the life-issue. We tend to find it horrible to kill, no matter how painless the death is. :vegetarians are a perfect example of a species gone crazy, but I can't blame them and I can't watch an animal (or human) being killed either. I do eat meat though.) Humans invented the concept of life, other animals don't care about that concept and probably never will.
Our universe is the area in which our stars and planets etc. etc. are located. This area expands with the speed of light, and has done so since the big bang. Outside it is space... (Maybe 'universe' is the wrong word though. Is it called 'galaxy', perhaps?)
[QUOTE=Arrylium]
Hmmm.... so why do animals run when attacked, if they don't care about life?[/QUOTE]Life preservation (and) instinct. Actually, humans are plain crazy about the life-issue. We tend to find it horrible to kill, no matter how painless the death is. :vegetarians are a perfect example of a species gone crazy, but I can't blame them and I can't watch an animal (or human) being killed either. I do eat meat though.) Humans invented the concept of life, other animals don't care about that concept and probably never will.
[size=-1]An optimist is a badly informed pessimist.[/size]
I don't know how you make a point with space if there's nothing there. Come to think of it, were you trying to make any point?Our universe is the area in which our stars and planets etc. etc. are located. This area expands with the speed of light, and has done so since the big bang. Outside it is space... (Maybe 'universe' is the wrong word though. Is it called 'galaxy', perhaps?)
But if they want to preserve their lives, how is that not caring?Life preservation (and) instinct. Actually, humans are plain crazy about the life-issue. We tend to find it horrible to kill, no matter how painless the death is. :vegetarians are a perfect example of a species gone crazy, but I can't blame them and I can't watch an animal (or human) being killed either. I do eat meat though.) Humans invented the concept of life, other animals don't care about that concept and probably never will.
Give us the gate key.
I have no gate key.
Fezzik, tear his arms off.
Oh, you mean this gate key?
I have no gate key.
Fezzik, tear his arms off.
Oh, you mean this gate key?
[QUOTE=Arrylium]I don't know how you make a point with space if there's nothing there. Come to think of it, were you trying to make any point?[/quote]*searches own posts*
Oh, yeah, you said you heard the universe was finite, which might be true, but the space in which our universe 'floats' has no end. I'm not making any point by that, I think... I was answering your question: 'Was that true?'
[quote="Arrylium]But if they want to preserve their lives"]It is not caring, it is not thinking (thinking like humans). In that regard animals think much more logically than humans. Do you think animals have/take the time to think/wonder about the concept of life? Their instincts scream SURVIVE. Animals are made for survival, not for thinking. That's why there's no vegetarian carnivores too. (The panda, but that's a different story)
Thinking is both a handicap as a blessing. All we practice and animals don't, is because of our twisted way of thinking. Science and Religion, conscience, the seven sins, crime, war, etc. etc.
Oh, yeah, you said you heard the universe was finite, which might be true, but the space in which our universe 'floats' has no end. I'm not making any point by that, I think... I was answering your question: 'Was that true?'
[quote="Arrylium]But if they want to preserve their lives"]It is not caring, it is not thinking (thinking like humans). In that regard animals think much more logically than humans. Do you think animals have/take the time to think/wonder about the concept of life? Their instincts scream SURVIVE. Animals are made for survival, not for thinking. That's why there's no vegetarian carnivores too. (The panda, but that's a different story)
Thinking is both a handicap as a blessing. All we practice and animals don't, is because of our twisted way of thinking. Science and Religion, conscience, the seven sins, crime, war, etc. etc.
[size=-1]An optimist is a badly informed pessimist.[/size]
OK, fair enough (I still don't believe space is infinite but I can understand what you're saying better now.*searches own posts*
Oh, yeah, you said you heard the universe was finite, which might be true, but the space in which our universe 'floats' has no end. I'm not making any point by that, I think... I was answering your question: 'Was that true?'
I just don't understand how, if animals run away and seek to protect their lives (be it by instinct or for whatever reason), you can say they don't care about being alive. Where is the difference?It is not caring, it is not thinking (thinking like humans). In that regard animals think much more logically than humans. Do you think animals have/take the time to think/wonder about the concept of life? Their instincts scream SURVIVE. Animals are made for survival, not for thinking. That's why there's no vegetarian carnivores too. (The panda, but that's a different story)
Give us the gate key.
I have no gate key.
Fezzik, tear his arms off.
Oh, you mean this gate key?
I have no gate key.
Fezzik, tear his arms off.
Oh, you mean this gate key?
[QUOTE=Arrylium]OK, fair enough (I still don't believe space is infinite but I can understand what you're saying better now.[/QUOTE]
Hm, that's interesting. So how do you see space? Is it like a big ball with boundaries? (Because then, the next question would be, what is outside that boundaries?)
[QUOTE=Arrylium]I just don't understand how, if animals run away and seek to protect their lives (be it by instinct or for whatever reason), you can say they don't care about being alive. Where is the difference?[/QUOTE]
[QUOTE=http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Thorndike/Animal/chap6.htm](...)
The next important fact is that the intellect of the infant six months to a year old is of the animal sort, that ideational and reasoning life are not present in his case, that the only obvious intellectual difference between him and a monkey is in the quantity and quality of the associations formed. In the evolution of the infant's mind to its adult condition we have the actual transition within an individual from the animal to the human type of intellect. If we look at the infant and ask what is in him to make in the future a thinker and reasoner, we must answer either by invoking some mysterious capacity, the presence of which we cannot demonstrate or by taking the difference we actually do find. That is the difference in the quality and quantity of associations of the animal sort. Even if we could never see how it came to cause the future intellectual life, it would seem wiser to believe that it did than to resort to faith in mysteries. Surely there is enough evidence to make it worth while to ask our second question "How might this difference cause the life of ideas and reasoning ?"
To answer this question fully would involve a most intricate treatment of the whole intellectual life of man, a treatment which cannot be attempted without reliance on technical terms and psychological formulas. A fairly comprehensible account of the general features of such an answer can, however, be given. The essential thing about the thinking of the animals is that they feel things in gross. The kitten who learned to respond differently to the signals, "I must feed those cats" and "I will not feed them," felt each signal as a vague total, including the tone, the movements of my head, etc. It did not have an idea of the sound of I, another of the sound of must, another of the sound feed, etc. It did not turn the complex impression into a set of elements, but felt it, as I have said, in gross. The dog that learned to get out of a box by pulling a loop of wire did not feel the parts of the box separately, the bolt as a definite circle of a certain size, did not feel his act as a sum of certain particular movement. The monkey who learned to know the letter K from the letter U did not feel the separate lines of the letter, have definite ideas of the parts. He just felt one way when he saw one total impression and another way when he saw another.
Strictly human thinking, on the contrary, has as its essential characteristic the breaking up of gross total situations into feelings of particular facts. When in the presence of ten jumping tigers we not only feel like running, but also feel the number of tigers, their color, their size, etc. When, instead of merely associating some act with some situation in the animal way, we think the situation out, we have a set of particular feelings of its elements. In some cases, it is true, we remain restricted to the animal sort of feelings. The sense impressions of suffocation, of the feeling of a new style of clothes, of the pressure of 10 feet of water above us, of malaise, of nausea and such like remain for most of us vague total feelings to which we react and which we feel most acutely but which do not take the form of definite ideas that we can isolate or combine or compare. Such feelings we say are not parts of our real intellectual life. They are parts of our intellectual life if we mean by it the mental life concerned in learning, but they are note if we mean by it the life of reasoning. (...)[/quote]
To care about something needs reasoning or a will. "I want to stay alive; that tiger(s) want(s) me dead: I must run to prevent being killed."
Animals only feel they have to run. "Threat: RUN!" (Would be their thoughts if they could think, but they don't identify the tiger(s) as threat because it would need reasoning. The observation 'Threat' is just another feeling, which is then associated with the feeling of 'RUN!'.) Why is that not caring? Because it's just associations, making and applying automatic connections between situation&response. It works like a mechanism and because it is automatic, it is not caring, because that would need caution, worry, grief or responsabilities, which are not present in mechanisms.
Hm, that's interesting. So how do you see space? Is it like a big ball with boundaries? (Because then, the next question would be, what is outside that boundaries?)
[QUOTE=Arrylium]I just don't understand how, if animals run away and seek to protect their lives (be it by instinct or for whatever reason), you can say they don't care about being alive. Where is the difference?[/QUOTE]
[QUOTE=http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Thorndike/Animal/chap6.htm](...)
The next important fact is that the intellect of the infant six months to a year old is of the animal sort, that ideational and reasoning life are not present in his case, that the only obvious intellectual difference between him and a monkey is in the quantity and quality of the associations formed. In the evolution of the infant's mind to its adult condition we have the actual transition within an individual from the animal to the human type of intellect. If we look at the infant and ask what is in him to make in the future a thinker and reasoner, we must answer either by invoking some mysterious capacity, the presence of which we cannot demonstrate or by taking the difference we actually do find. That is the difference in the quality and quantity of associations of the animal sort. Even if we could never see how it came to cause the future intellectual life, it would seem wiser to believe that it did than to resort to faith in mysteries. Surely there is enough evidence to make it worth while to ask our second question "How might this difference cause the life of ideas and reasoning ?"
To answer this question fully would involve a most intricate treatment of the whole intellectual life of man, a treatment which cannot be attempted without reliance on technical terms and psychological formulas. A fairly comprehensible account of the general features of such an answer can, however, be given. The essential thing about the thinking of the animals is that they feel things in gross. The kitten who learned to respond differently to the signals, "I must feed those cats" and "I will not feed them," felt each signal as a vague total, including the tone, the movements of my head, etc. It did not have an idea of the sound of I, another of the sound of must, another of the sound feed, etc. It did not turn the complex impression into a set of elements, but felt it, as I have said, in gross. The dog that learned to get out of a box by pulling a loop of wire did not feel the parts of the box separately, the bolt as a definite circle of a certain size, did not feel his act as a sum of certain particular movement. The monkey who learned to know the letter K from the letter U did not feel the separate lines of the letter, have definite ideas of the parts. He just felt one way when he saw one total impression and another way when he saw another.
Strictly human thinking, on the contrary, has as its essential characteristic the breaking up of gross total situations into feelings of particular facts. When in the presence of ten jumping tigers we not only feel like running, but also feel the number of tigers, their color, their size, etc. When, instead of merely associating some act with some situation in the animal way, we think the situation out, we have a set of particular feelings of its elements. In some cases, it is true, we remain restricted to the animal sort of feelings. The sense impressions of suffocation, of the feeling of a new style of clothes, of the pressure of 10 feet of water above us, of malaise, of nausea and such like remain for most of us vague total feelings to which we react and which we feel most acutely but which do not take the form of definite ideas that we can isolate or combine or compare. Such feelings we say are not parts of our real intellectual life. They are parts of our intellectual life if we mean by it the mental life concerned in learning, but they are note if we mean by it the life of reasoning. (...)[/quote]
To care about something needs reasoning or a will. "I want to stay alive; that tiger(s) want(s) me dead: I must run to prevent being killed."
Animals only feel they have to run. "Threat: RUN!" (Would be their thoughts if they could think, but they don't identify the tiger(s) as threat because it would need reasoning. The observation 'Threat' is just another feeling, which is then associated with the feeling of 'RUN!'.) Why is that not caring? Because it's just associations, making and applying automatic connections between situation&response. It works like a mechanism and because it is automatic, it is not caring, because that would need caution, worry, grief or responsabilities, which are not present in mechanisms.
[size=-1]An optimist is a badly informed pessimist.[/size]
I don't know if I'd call it a ball. Truth be told I don't know what space or the universe are (and neither do you) because we haven't seen all of them. I was just thinking out loud. Either way I don't see it as proof for the possibility of an infinite regress and certainly not as proof for the absence of a God.Hm, that's interesting. So how do you see space? Is it like a big ball with boundaries? (Because then, the next question would be, what is outside that boundaries?)
How exactly can we know how animals think?The observation 'Threat' is just another feeling, which is then associated with the feeling of 'RUN!'.) Why is that not caring? Because it's just associations, making and applying automatic connections between situation&response. It works like a mechanism and because it is automatic, it is not caring, because that would need caution, worry, grief or responsabilities, which are not present in mechanisms.
Give us the gate key.
I have no gate key.
Fezzik, tear his arms off.
Oh, you mean this gate key?
I have no gate key.
Fezzik, tear his arms off.
Oh, you mean this gate key?
[QUOTE=Arrylium]I don't know if I'd call it a ball. Truth be told I don't know what space or the universe are (and neither do you) because we haven't seen all of them. I was just thinking out loud. Either way I don't see it as proof for the possibility of an infinite regress and certainly not as proof for the absence of a God.[/QUOTE]We don't know what it looks like but it has to be infinite because if it ended somewhere, there would be something else beyond that. If that is not the case, I must conclude that the laws of it don't apply on earth, making us some kind of exception in the gigantic it. Indeed, it is not a proof for the absence of God. Where did I imply that?
[QUOTE=Arrylium]How exactly can we know how animals think?[/QUOTE]By scientifically observe the behaviour patterns and learning process of various, countless, animals and species.
[QUOTE=Arrylium]How exactly can we know how animals think?[/QUOTE]By scientifically observe the behaviour patterns and learning process of various, countless, animals and species.
[size=-1]An optimist is a badly informed pessimist.[/size]
Um, I think I was denying an infinite regress, and you said it was possible comparing it to infinite space.We don't know what it looks like but it has to be infinite because if it ended somewhere, there would be something else beyond that. If that is not the case, I must conclude that the laws of it don't apply on earth, making us some kind of exception in the gigantic it. Indeed, it is not a proof for the absence of God. Where did I imply that?
Why should there be something beyond the edge of the universe (I'm still just thinking out loud)?
Give us the gate key.
I have no gate key.
Fezzik, tear his arms off.
Oh, you mean this gate key?
I have no gate key.
Fezzik, tear his arms off.
Oh, you mean this gate key?
Because even if there's emptiness outside the universe, it's still infinite. Infinity full of emptiness.
Visualize this: If we travel upwards, we'd exit our atmosphere first. It becomes relatively empty outside there. If we'd travel even further and further we might reach some kind of border of the universe (it's possible we'd have to travel much much faster than light to ever reach it, if it is expanding, but we don't have to actually be able to do so, just visualize). If we could cross this barrier, we'd be in perfect nothingness, right? And maybe this area has a border somewhere too, but what is behind that is even more nothingness. It can't just end, unlike everything we can see on earth.
Visualize this: If we travel upwards, we'd exit our atmosphere first. It becomes relatively empty outside there. If we'd travel even further and further we might reach some kind of border of the universe (it's possible we'd have to travel much much faster than light to ever reach it, if it is expanding, but we don't have to actually be able to do so, just visualize). If we could cross this barrier, we'd be in perfect nothingness, right? And maybe this area has a border somewhere too, but what is behind that is even more nothingness. It can't just end, unlike everything we can see on earth.
[size=-1]An optimist is a badly informed pessimist.[/size]
- Cuchulain82
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Re: IK, Arrylium
You guys are both way beyond the realm of science. IMO, what you both should do is read Aristotle's Physics. It deals with the "why" questions of existence much better than most modern sources.
What Aristotle says (in his work De Anima) is that, when thinking about animals and intelligence, we should think about it in terms of level of intelligence. Plants, animals, and humans all have different levels of awareness (he calls them levels of the soul). There are 3 levels of awareness- the vegitative, appetative, and rational.
So, plants are the lowest- they have the vegitative level. They grow and live, but don't do much more than that. They don't feel, they don't run away, they don't think about their existence- they just grow and then die.
Animals are next, and they have the vegitative and appetitive levels. This means that not only do they grow, like plants, they also feel- they have hungers, reactions, feel pain, sexual desires, etc. They grow, but also react to stimulus, but don't really "think" about these appetites so much as "feel" them.
Humans have the highest level of awareness, the rational level. So, not only do we grow physically, and feel appetites like hunger and pain, but we also think. We consider the world around us, we think about God, we wonder about abstract concepts like Numbers, Justice, Good, Perfection, Love, and meaning. Man, as Aristotle says, is a rational animal.
This way of thinking about intelligence will help you make heads and tails of your discussion. Science today exists within a very narrow spectrum- hypothesis tested, variables eliminated, etc. Talk to CE about that. You guys are wondering about "why" and that is philosophy- it can be a maddening field of study, but it will help you answer your questions. Questions like the nature of the universe (finite/infinite?) have yet to be scientifically resolved- chances are they may never be resolved beyond what scientific philsophers publish.
My advice is to take a philosophy course if you have the option, or to read Aristotle's Physics (or at least the Sparknotes )
Edit- Re: Arrylium, Faith vs. faith
The faith you two were talking about is different. The Faith that you have as a Christian is capital-F Faith. It is roughly equivalent to piety, and is a belief in the Devine, something beyond human rational proof. Faith in oxygen is lowercase-f faith. It is roughly equivalent to confidence in your emperical experience, trusting that the oxygen that was true yesterday will remain true today. It has nothing to do with the Divine.
Fallicies of equivocation in logic occur when two people say the same word but mean different things, or when someone uses one definition of a word to prove a point for a different meaning of the same word. If you keep your definitions straight, it will make the discussion a lot more managible and fulfilling (trust me on this- I've had way too may exasperating arguments about philosophy)
You guys are both way beyond the realm of science. IMO, what you both should do is read Aristotle's Physics. It deals with the "why" questions of existence much better than most modern sources.
What Aristotle says (in his work De Anima) is that, when thinking about animals and intelligence, we should think about it in terms of level of intelligence. Plants, animals, and humans all have different levels of awareness (he calls them levels of the soul). There are 3 levels of awareness- the vegitative, appetative, and rational.
So, plants are the lowest- they have the vegitative level. They grow and live, but don't do much more than that. They don't feel, they don't run away, they don't think about their existence- they just grow and then die.
Animals are next, and they have the vegitative and appetitive levels. This means that not only do they grow, like plants, they also feel- they have hungers, reactions, feel pain, sexual desires, etc. They grow, but also react to stimulus, but don't really "think" about these appetites so much as "feel" them.
Humans have the highest level of awareness, the rational level. So, not only do we grow physically, and feel appetites like hunger and pain, but we also think. We consider the world around us, we think about God, we wonder about abstract concepts like Numbers, Justice, Good, Perfection, Love, and meaning. Man, as Aristotle says, is a rational animal.
This way of thinking about intelligence will help you make heads and tails of your discussion. Science today exists within a very narrow spectrum- hypothesis tested, variables eliminated, etc. Talk to CE about that. You guys are wondering about "why" and that is philosophy- it can be a maddening field of study, but it will help you answer your questions. Questions like the nature of the universe (finite/infinite?) have yet to be scientifically resolved- chances are they may never be resolved beyond what scientific philsophers publish.
My advice is to take a philosophy course if you have the option, or to read Aristotle's Physics (or at least the Sparknotes )
Edit- Re: Arrylium, Faith vs. faith
The faith you two were talking about is different. The Faith that you have as a Christian is capital-F Faith. It is roughly equivalent to piety, and is a belief in the Devine, something beyond human rational proof. Faith in oxygen is lowercase-f faith. It is roughly equivalent to confidence in your emperical experience, trusting that the oxygen that was true yesterday will remain true today. It has nothing to do with the Divine.
Fallicies of equivocation in logic occur when two people say the same word but mean different things, or when someone uses one definition of a word to prove a point for a different meaning of the same word. If you keep your definitions straight, it will make the discussion a lot more managible and fulfilling (trust me on this- I've had way too may exasperating arguments about philosophy)
Custodia legis
Heh, nothing to be sorry about, I just asked because I recognised some expressions and some ways of reasoning.Arrylium wrote:Well, sorry I'm not from the US and have no idea what their school system is like - I'm probably even further from it because I was homeschooled for 5 years.
Our everyday lives would be impossible, or at least intolerable, if we demanded the same degree of evidence as sciences does to take something as correct or incorrect. Relationships with other people, decisions making regarding the most trivial things...in our lives, we need some faith in people and things around us. Imagine if we would question every statement other people made, and demand objective evidence that must be replicated before we believe in them! If my best friend says she's not well and she needs to talk to me, I just go and see her, I don't question the reliability and validity of her statement, I act upon it as a "truth".Alright, so in the non-scientific sense would you say faith is not necessarily a bad thing?
Not sure what you mean here, but in science, there is little room for different people to have different views on a piece of evidence as support or falsification for a certain hypothesis, since the hypothesis must state from the beginning what would consist falsification and what would consist support. However, outside of science, it can vary a lot what a certain piece of evidence is seen as.Ok, I think I'm getting it. The example about the ovarian cancer was another example of what I'm talking about - just the idea that although a piece of evidence may be quantifiable, measurable etc., it can be seen by different people to support or falsify different hypotheses. Would that be fair enough as a statement from a scientific viewpoint?
The articles are a bit technical, that's the problem with what is called "primary literature", ie the original reports written by the scientists who conducted the experiements.I read them, I'm not sure exactly how well I understood them.
Could primoridal soup be thought of as life in any sense?
However, the so called "primoridal soup" is a term that denotes the state of earth when it was newly formed. No life existed then. Here is a schematic description of this state:
http://clab.cecil.cc.md.us/faculty/biology1/prisoup.htm
The oldest prokaryote (simple cells that are bacteria or algae) are from 3.5-3.2 billions years ago, so as far as we know now, it seems that the development from non-life to the simplest life form we define as life, took over 1 billion years. Then, it took a further 2 billion years before the eukaryotes developed, ie cells that have a nucleus and organelles, cells like the ones we and most other living things on earth have in our bodies.
It sounds like you have got it right, science has demonstrated that life can come from non-life. The important thing is that life can develop from non life in the steps produced separately in labs - that does not mean we know for sure it really happened that way 3-3.5 billion years ago. Much evidence points in this direction, but it means that it is possible that life can develop without a god - however, we don't know if it really did or not.I don't want to sound picky or something but I want to be clear - is this equivalent to saying that science has proven that life can come from non-life, or is having steps produced seperately in a lab different to having an entire process occur in nature?
I don't think the "something cannot come from nothing" it's a very useful argument or the existance of a god, for two reasons:Sorry, I certainly didn't mean to be putting up strawmen, I was just wondering because I view that as an argument for the existence of God, and against the scientific principle that there is no need for a God.
What exactly is a 'singularity?'
1. neither astrophysics nor biology claims that the universe developed from nothing, or that life developed from nothing
2. it raises the question "where did god come from?"
A singularity is a single point in a state of infinite density where time and room does not exist since the gravity is infinite. It is thought that singularities exist inside of black holes.
A singularity is a place where the classical concepts of space and time break down as do all the known laws of physics because they are all formulated on a classical space-time background. Hawking, S.W. Breakdown of Predictability in Gravitational Collapse,' Physical Review D, 14 (1976), 2460.
Maybe science will never fill in all the gaps, but the number of gaps are constantly decrasing, and it would be strange indeed if god was sort of shrinking, that his power would be less and less, he had done less and less, and the arguments became fewer and fewer. Personally, I think a sound faith in god must rest on believing god has created the universe, earth and life, and that science is simply discovering how he did this, ie the mechanisms behind it, just as if the artist have painted a fantastic painting, and the art-expert analyses how it was done, what canvas was used, what colours, how they were mixed, what painting-techniques were used, etc.Hmmmm.... well I wouldn't exactly say I use that theory a lot, but I have doubts on the ability of science to prove, quantify, and explain absolutely everything about the universe, even given thousands of years, so I don't know if all the 'gaps' will be closed eventually.
Love is an immense topic of it's own, but a starting point could be this thread:Ok, that's quite interesting (no sarcasm intended whatsoever). How does that work (or am I going way off topic here?) - I would have thought of love as something that no-one can explain.
http://gamebanshee.com/forums/showthrea ... light=love
Good - no they are not equivalent.Absolutely - I was just checking that 'a great probability' was not equivalent to 'truth.'
Ok, now we both know that spontaneous generation is something completely else and that the very concept of spontaneous generation is not used anymore.I had a look at the link and that's what I was thinking of when I mentioned spontaneous generation - I remembered reading in it in a book about Louis Pasteur - I certainly don't think it's possible and I was fairly sure it wasn't accepted as science any more. I was thinking of it, though, because you mentioned the steps between life and non-life being reproducible, and I was wondering whether that meant life could come from non-life, and if so whether that was spontaneous generation all over again.
What areas do think science are stepping into, where it does not belong? Individual scientists can sometimes draw their conclusions too far, but in general, I don't really see where science enters the realm of religion, so I'd be interested in hearing what you are referring too. Like you, I don't see any reason why the two should be conflicting since one does not exclude the other.I don't see science in conflict with religion myself, but I do occasionally see science trying to step into areas that it just doesn't belong. I don't see any reason why the two should be fundamentally in opposition.
(Sorry if this post is not very clear, I'm in a hurry since I'm at work)
"There are in fact two things, science and opinion; the former begets knowledge, the latter ignorance." - Hippocrates
Moderator of Planescape: Torment, Diablo I & II and Dungeon Siege forums
@Cuch: The path back to topic is: science and religion etc. are products of rational thinking.
I have no questions about the universe, nor the time to take a philosofer's course or read long, difficult books. We're not all blessed with such studies. You're making me feel very tiny.
I have no questions about the universe, nor the time to take a philosofer's course or read long, difficult books. We're not all blessed with such studies. You're making me feel very tiny.
[size=-1]An optimist is a badly informed pessimist.[/size]
- Cuchulain82
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[QUOTE=ik911]I have no questions about the universe, nor the time to take a philosofer's course or read long, difficult books. We're not all blessed with such studies. You're making me feel very tiny.[/QUOTE]
LOL! You're not tiny ik, you just haven't done this as much as I have! I spent 4 years of my undergrad talking about topics like this, and the only thing it gave me was the proper precision of language- I don't have anwers, but I've read alot of other people's answers. The fact that you're here debating is more than most people can say- I'm sure that, if you have (or will) studied (study) something other than philosophy, you will learn something useful- like plumbing, physics, psychology, history... I just play with words well
I like talking and thinking about philosophy, which is why I like posting here. However, because I am fimiliar with philosophical writings, I try to keep people from falling into traps that can sabotage a whole discussion- like confusing the meanings of the word "faith" and distinguishing "thinking" from "feeling". I don't mean to be condescending- if I was, I'm sorry- no harm, no foul, right?
Edit: Science and Religion, rational thought
To get back to topic, I do think that science and religion are enabled by rational thought. Dogs won't do physics probems and I don't think pandas wonder about God. There is no way to know for sure (hence the debate) and occasionally there evidence that hints at animals being capable of rational thought (as far as I can tell, this usually involves either whales, dolphins, or some kind of simian).
My big position in this whole debate is that most problems arise when people try to hold science to the same standard as religion. Science today only explains how something happened (to varying degrees of accuracy). Sometimes this can be used to predict how something will happen in the future. In Aristotle's time, science was also responsible for why a given thing happened, and his answers are surprisingly fulfilling. Acorns grow into trees because that is in their essence, and the essence of humans is to realize all their individual potential.
Today, religion and philosophy provide that fulfillment- science doesn't talk about Love and right vs. wrong. IMO, that isn't good or bad, just something to be considered.
LOL! You're not tiny ik, you just haven't done this as much as I have! I spent 4 years of my undergrad talking about topics like this, and the only thing it gave me was the proper precision of language- I don't have anwers, but I've read alot of other people's answers. The fact that you're here debating is more than most people can say- I'm sure that, if you have (or will) studied (study) something other than philosophy, you will learn something useful- like plumbing, physics, psychology, history... I just play with words well
I like talking and thinking about philosophy, which is why I like posting here. However, because I am fimiliar with philosophical writings, I try to keep people from falling into traps that can sabotage a whole discussion- like confusing the meanings of the word "faith" and distinguishing "thinking" from "feeling". I don't mean to be condescending- if I was, I'm sorry- no harm, no foul, right?
Edit: Science and Religion, rational thought
To get back to topic, I do think that science and religion are enabled by rational thought. Dogs won't do physics probems and I don't think pandas wonder about God. There is no way to know for sure (hence the debate) and occasionally there evidence that hints at animals being capable of rational thought (as far as I can tell, this usually involves either whales, dolphins, or some kind of simian).
My big position in this whole debate is that most problems arise when people try to hold science to the same standard as religion. Science today only explains how something happened (to varying degrees of accuracy). Sometimes this can be used to predict how something will happen in the future. In Aristotle's time, science was also responsible for why a given thing happened, and his answers are surprisingly fulfilling. Acorns grow into trees because that is in their essence, and the essence of humans is to realize all their individual potential.
Today, religion and philosophy provide that fulfillment- science doesn't talk about Love and right vs. wrong. IMO, that isn't good or bad, just something to be considered.
Custodia legis