Dragon's Dogma Developer Blog
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Advanced Occupations
Mystic Knight
Main: Mace (The maces in this game are bigger than your usual mace), One-Handed Sword (This is your basic weapon)
Sub: Magic Shield (You're able to enchant them yourself), Shield (Used to defend and provoke, there are also skills that can be used to attack.)
Warrior (I personally like this occupation so I tend to make my pawns this class and ogle them.)
Main: Double-Handed Sword (I personally like this weapon the best), War Hammer
Sub: None (Their strength is the number of skills they can equip.)
Assassin
Main: One-Handed Sword, Double Daggers
Sub: Shield, Bow
Ranger
Main: Double Daggers
Sub: Large Bow (I've never used this, but it seems awesome.)
Magick Archer
Main: Double Daggers, Staff
Sub: Magic Bow (Effects of this weapon are always changing.)
Sorcerer
Main: Large Staff 
Sub: None (Their strength is the number of skills they can equip.)
So this is what you can expect from the occupations and weapons. Also, you can strengthen your weapons up to 3 levels. You might be able to strengthen them with certain items you've managed to collect.