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Background
You'll receive this quest at the conclusion of the quest Prophet -- the
vampire version or the
Dawnguard version -- provided that you have not yet acquired the
Elder Scroll (Dragon). If you've already picked up the scroll, which is required for the main quest line, then you won't receive this quest at all.
Walkthrough
For this quest you'll need to track down the
Elder Scroll (Dragon). Nobody will say anything to you about the scroll, but if you check the quest description, then you'll see that "I've been told to ask at the College of Winterhold."
At the College of Winterhold, you'll need to talk to Urag gro-Shub, the librarian at the Arcanaeum, which is connected to the Hall of the Elements. When you ask Urag about Elder Scrolls, he'll fetch for you two books,
Effects of the Elder Scrolls and
Ruminations on the Elder Scrolls. Reading the latter book will trigger the quest
Discerning the Transmundane, which will eventually lead you to finding the scroll.
When you ask Urag about the author of
Ruminations on the Elder Scrolls, he'll tell you that it was written by Septimus Signus, who lives in the ice fields to the north. Learning this bit of information will complete the quest.